How do you pronounce CALLED? Pronouncing 'ed'

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The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed. For example:

work, worked, worked

In addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example:

I like painted furniture.

The question is, how do we pronounce the -ed? The answer is, in 3 ways:

• /ɪd/
• /t/
• /d/

If the base verb ends in one of these sounds		example base verb*	example with -ed	pronounce the -ed as	extra syllable?
/t/		want	wanted	/ɪd/	yes
/d/		end	ended
unvoiced	/p/	hope	hoped	/t/	no
	/f/	laugh	laughed
	/s/	fax	faxed
	/ʃ/	wash	washed
	/ʧ/	watch	watched
	/k/	like	liked
voiced	all other sounds, eg	play	played	/d/
		allow	allowed
		beg	begged

*Note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, fax ends in the letter x but the sound /s/; like ends in the letter e but the sound /k/.

Exceptions

The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:

• aged
• dogged
• ragged
• blessed
• learned
• wicked
• crooked
• naked
• wretched